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06 April
2023
By JENNIFER
McDERMOTT and JOHN FLESHER, Associated Press
States and companies compete for billions to make
hydrogen
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FILE – A 2021 Toyota Prius that runs on a hydrogen fuel
cell sits on display at the Denver auto show Sept. 17, 2021, at
Elitch’s Gardens.
As fossil fuel emissions continue warming Earth’s atmosphere, the
Biden administration is turning to hydrogen as an energy source for
vehicles, manufacturing and generating electricity.
It’s offering $8 billion to entice the nation’s industries, engineers
and planners to figure out how to produce and deliver clean hydrogen.
States and businesses are making final pitches Friday as they compete
for a new program that will create regional networks, or “hubs,” of
hydrogen producers, consumers and infrastructure. The aim is to
accelerate the availability and use of the colorless, odorless gas
that already powers some vehicles and trains.
How can enough hydrogen be produced to meet demand — in ways that
don’t worsen global warming? And how can it be moved efficiently to
where users can get it? Such questions will be tackled by the hubs.
Nearly every state has joined at least one proposed hub and many are
working together, hoping to reap the economic development and jobs
they would bring. The governors of Arkansas, Louisiana and Oklahoma
came up with the “HALO Hydrogen Hub” to compete for funding, for
example.
Big fossil fuel companies like Chevron and EQT Corporation, renewable
energy developers such as Obsidian, and researchers in university and
government labs are involved, too.
But only a select few will receive billions in federal funding. Here
are some questions and answers about the initiative:
Q. What is a hydrogen hub?
A. The bipartisan infrastructure law signed by President Joe
Biden last year included $8 billion for a program to establish six to
10 regional “hydrogen hubs” around the nation. A hub is meant to be a
network of companies that produce clean hydrogen and of the industries
that use it — heavy transportation, for example — and infrastructure
such as pipelines and refueling stations. States and companies have
teamed up to create hub proposals. Their final applications are due
Friday at the U.S. Department of Energy, which is expected to start
awarding money later this year.
Q. Why hydrogen?
Hydrogen can be made in ways that yield little if any
planet-warming greenhouse gases. The Energy Department says hydrogen,
once produced, can generate power in a fuel cell, emitting only water
vapor and warm air. The department says the hubs will produce “clean”
hydrogen, although its definition includes hydrogen produced with
natural gas. Gas companies have talked about mixing hydrogen at low
concentrations with methane for delivery to homes and businesses.
Some consider hydrogen “clean” only if made through
electrolysis — splitting water molecules using renewable energy
sources such as wind and solar power, which also is carbon free, as
well as nuclear power. But some oil and gas companies say they can use
fossil fuels as feedstocks if they capture the carbon dioxide and keep
it out of the atmosphere.
Environmental groups say hydrogen presents its own pollution
and climate risks. When emitted into the atmosphere, it boosts volumes
of methane and other greenhouse gases, underscoring the need to avoid
leaks from hydrogen systems – an issue the hubs should consider, said
Nichole Saunders, staff attorney with the Environmental Defense Fund.
Q. Who are the finalists?
The Energy Department asked for detailed plans and received 79.
In December, the department encouraged 33 of those with hub proposals
to submit a final application, although ones that were discouraged can
still apply. The department hasn’t identified the applicants because
of sensitive negotiations over where to put the hubs.
The environmental nonprofit Clean Air Task Force has monitored
the process and identified 23 finalists on an online map. The
Associated Press contacted those groups and received responses from
most, confirming that they were encouraged by the DOE to apply by
Friday and sharing details of their plans. Among them are energy
producers — fossil fuels as well as renewable developers — plus
states, universities, national laboratories, utilities and companies
that plan to use the hydrogen.
More than 60 public and private entities in the Midwest want a
hub in their region, for example. The Midwest Alliance for Clean
Hydrogen says it would be an “ideal fit,” partly because many large
industrial sectors there, including steel, ammonia and refining, rely
on “dirty hydrogen consumption” to fuel their operations.
Q. What are they proposing?
A. At least eight plan to source their hydrogen from fossil
fuels and produce it using natural gas, in keeping with a provision in
the law that at least two hubs should be in areas with the nation’s
most abundant gas supplies.
The Appalachian Regional Clean Hydrogen Hub is a partnership
involving the state of West Virginia and EQT, the nation’s largest
natural gas producer, among others. They say their region has enormous
gas resources and could produce hydrogen from methane using heat,
steam and pressure while capturing the carbon dioxide it would
generate.
At least eight other proposals would generate hydrogen from
water through electrolysis, primarily using renewable sources such as
wind and solar, although some would power the process with nuclear
energy. They are concentrated in coastal and Upper Midwestern states.
The Northeast Regional Clean Hydrogen Hub proposal includes seven
Northeast states, led by New York, and more than 100 partners who
would use hydrogen in transportation and heavy industries, and for
long-duration energy storage.
California has a renewables-only plan to use hydrogen to
decarbonize transportation, ports and power plants, with its Alliance
for Renewable Clean Hydrogen Energy Systems. Washington and Oregon
also want to use renewables to produce hydrogen to use for heavy-duty
transportation, aviation, maritime and agriculture. The Pacific
Northwest Hydrogen Association says it’s planning projects in those
two states, plus Montana.
The Great Lakes Clean Hydrogen Coalition would produce hydrogen
at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station in Oak Harbor, Ohio, through
electrolysis and transport it by pipeline and truck for the region’s
steelmaking, aviation and glass manufacturing industries.
Some hubs would use both natural gas with carbon capture
techniques and renewables, like the HyVelocity proposal in the Gulf
region. That hub includes Chevron, Air Liquide, University of Texas,
GTI Energy and the Center for Houston’s Future. They say a hub makes
sense there because the Texas Gulf Coast already produces 3.5 million
metric tons of hydrogen annually, or one-third of all U.S. hydrogen
production.
Q. Why is this important?
The United States can’t meet its climate goals relying on a
vast buildout of renewables and electrification alone, said Emily
Kent, the U.S. director for zero-carbon fuels at the Clean Air Task
Force.
But clean hydrogen plays an important role in decarbonizing
sectors of the economy that are nearly impossible to electrify, she
added. That includes long-haul trucking, marine shipping and aviation,
heavy industries including iron and steelmaking, and the existing
production and use of hydrogen.
Yet, the United States makes very little hydrogen. Currently
it’s produced using natural gas to be used for refining petroleum and
producing ammonia for fertilizer.
Joseph Majkut, at the Center for Strategic and International
Studies think tank, said the hubs, along with the tax credits offered
for hydrogen production, are the way the U.S. is going to commit
significant public spending to jumpstart the industry.
The country wants to make the electric grid carbon-free by
2035, and reach net zero economy-wide by 2050 so the greenhouse gases
produced are no more than the amount removed from the atmosphere. The
U.S. Department of Energy says hydrogen has great potential for
providing power and heat.
“We’ve been producing and using hydrogen for a long time,” Kent
said. “We have not been producing it in these ways, with these
technologies, and we have not been using it in a lot of these
sectors.”
Green Play Ammonia™, Yielder® NFuel Energy.
Spokane, Washington. 99212
www.exactrix.com
509 995 1879 cell, Pacific.
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